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GASOLINE
Gasoline
is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons
- paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics.
The combination of hydrocarbons and oxygenates determines its physical
properties and engine performance characteristics.
As different gasolines contain mainly hydrocarbons, the only significant
difference between grades is the octane rating of the fuel.
Octane ratings measure fuel properties:
the ability of the unburnt end gases to spontaneously ignite under the
specified test conditions.
The spark
ignition internal combustion engine's compression ratio had been inhibited by
the unwanted "knock" that could rapidly destroy engines.
"Knocking" describes the sound heard from an engine using fuel of too
low octane.
Anti-knock index is also known as the Pump Octane.
Unleaded gasoline with an antiknock index of 87, 89, 91 or leaded
gasoline with an antiknock index of 88 are typical for the
US
at sea level.
Lower octane numbers are specified for higher altitudes.
There are varied Octane
Ratings:
Ø
The Research Octane Number [RON] =
typical mild driving, without consistent heavy loads on the engine.
Ø
The
Motor Octane Number [MON] = severe,
sustained high speed and/or high load driving.
Ø
The Road Octane Number [RdON]
lies between the MON and RON
GASOLINE
TESTING ANALYSIS - NEW
The
requirements of the gasoline specification (ASTM D 4814) and the regulatory
requirements are complex and include:
Gasoline
Additives
Oxidation
inhibitors -- antioxidants
Corrosion
inhibitors -- carboxylic acids and
carboxylates
Metal
deactivators -- chelating agents
Demulsifiers
-- polyglycol derivatives
Antiknock
compounds -- lead alkyls
Anti-icing
additives -- surfactants, alcohols,
and glycols
Dyes
Markers
Properties
Antiknock Index
Copper Strip Test
Lead Content
Octane Number
Oxidation Stability
Solvent-Washed Gum Content
Sulfur Content
Volatility
Classes: Vapor Pressure / Distillation Class
Vapor
Lock Protection Class
Water Tolerance
Gasoline
Test
Methods
-
New
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AS
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Distillation
of Gasoline
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Atmospheric
Distillation of Petroleum Products by ASTM D86 (Gasoline)
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ASTM D323
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Reid Vapor
Pressure
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Vapor Pressure
of Petroleum Products [Reid Method]
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ASTM D381
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Gum Content in
Fuels by Jet Evaporation
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Gum Content in
Fuels by Jet Evaporation
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ASTM D525
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Oxidation
Stability
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Oxidation
Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method)
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ASTM D1298
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Density,
Specific Gravity and API Gravity by Hydrometer
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Density,
Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
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ASTM D2533
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Vapor-Liquid
Ratio (V/L)
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Vapor-Liquid
Ratio of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels
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ASTM D2699
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Research
Octane Number; Research Octane No.
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Knock
Characteristics of Motor Fuels by the Research Method
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ASTM D2700
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Motor Octane
Number, Motor Octane No.
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Knock
Characteristics of Motor and Aviation Fuels by the Motor Method
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ASTM D4052
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Density
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Density and
Relative Density of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
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ASTM D5191
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Vapor Pressure
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Vapor Pressure
of Petroleum Products (Mini-Method)
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GASOLINE
TESTING ANALYSIS – USED
Gasoline System
Contamination/Deposits
Injector
Deposits
Plugged
Gasoline Filters
Storage And
Transfer Contamination
Substandard
Fuel Delivery
Vandalism
Test
Methods
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ASTM D86
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Atmospheric
Distillation of Petroleum Products by ASTM D86 (Fuel Oils)
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Distillation
of Fuel Oils
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ASTM D130
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Detection of
Copper Corrosion from Petroleum Products
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Copper
Corrosion
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ASTM D156
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Saybolt Color
of Petroleum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
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Color-Saybolt;
Saybolt Color
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ASTM D287
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API
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method
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API Gravity,
Specific Gravity, Density
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ASTM D323
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Vapor Pressure
of Petroleum Products [Reid Method]
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Reid Vapor
Pressure
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ASTM D381
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Gum Content in
Fuels by Jet Evaporation
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Gum Content in
Fuels by Jet Evaporation
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ASTM D525
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Oxidation
Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method)
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Oxidation
Stability
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ASTM D611
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Aniline Point
and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
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Aniline Point
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ASTM D664
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Acid Number of
Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration
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TAN, Total
Acid No.
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ASTM D974
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Acid and Base
Number by Color-Indicator Titration
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Neutralization
Number Neutralization No.; Acid and Base No.
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ASTM D1218
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Refractive
Index and Refractive Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
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Refractive
Index
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ASTM D1319
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Hydrocarbon
Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
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Hydrocarbon
Types by Fluorescent Indicator Absorption
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ASTM D2699
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Knock
Characteristics of Motor Fuels by the Research Method
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Research
Octane Number; Research Octane No.
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ASTM D2700
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Knock
Characteristics of Motor and Aviation Fuels by the Motor Method
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Motor Octane
Number, Motor Octane No.
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ASTM D3120
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Trace
Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative
Microcoulometry
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Sulfur, Sulfur
Content by Coulometric Titration
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ASTM D3606
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Determination
of Benzene and Toluene in Finished Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Gas
Chromatography
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Benzene/Toluene
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ASTM [ American Standard and Testing Material ] methods.
For detailed information see the ASTM website at: http://www.ASTM.ORG
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For detailed information see the SAE website at:
http://www.SAE.ORG
and/or
established industry standards.
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